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Systèmes de production et culture locale font-ils bon ménage ?

Published on
08 December 2016

Les fondamentaux culturels d'un pays influent-ils sur la performance d’un système de production, et selon quels critères ? Dans le cadre d’une thèse (DBA) soutenue à GEM, Laurent Rannaz, Président de Caterpillar France, dévoile les ressorts du déploiement d’un process efficace. Entretien.

Après plusieurs postes de direction au sein de Caterpillar France, vous avez pris la tête de l’entité française, en septembre 2015 (1 650 salariés). Quels ont été les principaux objectifs de vos recherches ?

Dans un contexte mondialisé, il est intéressant d'analyser l’efficacité du déploiement des systèmes de production dans chaque pays, de façon à évaluer l’impact potentiel, positif ou négatif, de la culture locale sur la mise en œuvre d’outils performants. L’étude a été réalisée à partir de données recueillies entre 2006 et 2010, auprès de 80 usines Caterpillar, implantées dans 17 pays (CA consolidé 2015 du groupe, dans le monde : 47 milliards de $. Effectif : 106 000 salariés).

Son ambition est de comprendre si des différences existent, et si elles peuvent justifier l’adaptation des outils aux fondamentaux culturels du pays d’implantation. Ceci, afin d’en accroître l’efficacité. Soulignons que l’objectif de l’étude n'est pas d’aider les entreprises à décider dans quel pays implanter une usine, mais bien de fournir les éléments qui permettent de comprendre quels principes de gestion spécifiques peuvent être plus faciles, ou plus difficile, à mettre en œuvre dans chaque pays.

Vous avez travaillé à partir d’index* référents à l’international. Pouvez-vous nous préciser quels sont les critères décisifs d’une implantation optimale.

L'étude a analysé l'évolution des scores du Système de Production Caterpillar (CPS). Pour comprendre le lien entre la culture nationale et les scores, l'étude a utilisé « Les six dimensions de la culture nationale », déployées par le chercheur néerlandais Hofstede : Power Distance (PDI) – l’index de distance par rapport au pouvoir, qui distingue les sociétés démocratiques ou autoritaires – ; Individualism (IDV) ; Masculinity (MAS) – les attitudes associées à la masculinité, par opposition aux attitudes associées à la féminité – ; Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) – l’index de tolérance face à l’incertitude – ; Long-Term Orientation (LTO) – l’orientation de long terme – ; enfin, Indulgence Versus Restraint (IVR) – le plaisir par opposition à la modération.

Les résultats de l'étude indiquent que les pays avec un fort index de distance par rapport au pouvoir et une orientation long terme, ainsi que ceux à faible niveau d’individualisme et de plaisir, intègrent plus efficacement les nouveaux outils. En revanche, aucune influence n'a été notée pour les index liés aux critères comportementaux traditionnels dits de « masculinité » (assurance, rationalité, maîtrise de soi…), et à la tolérance face à l’incertitude.

Cette étude pilote souligne l'impact de la culture nationale sur la mise en oeuvre de systèmes de gestion efficace. Pouvez-vous nous donner des exemples précis ?

La France, par exemple, se situe plutôt dans la moyenne pour les quatre index référents (Power Distance - Long-Term Orientation – Individualism - Indulgence Versus Restraint). A Grenoble, siège de Caterpillar France, l’instauration de nouveaux systèmes de production a en effet eu quelques peines à démarrer, mais on y a cru, et tout se poursuit finalement très bien. L’un des griefs qui a pu être opposé au Pr Hofstede est d’appréhender les pays dans leur globalité. Aux Etats-Unis, par exemple, on peut penser que les attitudes propres aux individus de la Côte Est sont différentes de celles des individus du Sud du pays.

Toutefois, l’index caractéristique aux Etats-Unis, en Australie et globalement dans tous les pays anglo-saxons porte sur l’orientation court terme. De même, l’orientation individualiste d’une société (tendre vers la réalisation d’objectifs personnels plutôt que collectifs), est prégnante aux Etats-Unis et dans la majorité des pays anglo-saxons. De ce fait, il semble que la culture nationale de ces pays soit moins favorable à l’adhésion et la mise en place rapide des systèmes de production. A l’inverse, sans surprise, le Japon et la Chine mobilisent leurs actions vers l’atteinte d’objectifs communs, et confirment une orientation de long terme qui favorise la mise en place de tels outils. Enfin, notons que la Russie, la Chine et le Mexique présentent l’index de distance par rapport au pouvoir le plus élevé.

Cette étude permet donc d’évaluer les difficultés que l’on peut s’attendre à rencontrer dans le déploiement et la mise en place des systèmes de production en fonction des données culturelles de chaque pays. Elle permet aussi un degré de finesse supplémentaire, puisque chaque outil a été évalué de façon isolée, et réagit de façon distincte. Ainsi, il est possible d’évaluer, outil par outil et pays par pays, le type de réaction auquel on devrait avoir à faire face. 

Quels ont été les retombées de cette étude au sein du groupe Caterpillar ?

Les résultats de cette étude pilote ont été présentés en réunions stratégiques, et partagés avec le Vice-président responsable de CPS. Le résumé analytique des résultats a été partagé au sein des comités de directions du groupe, à l’international. Un séminaire a été organisé pour échanger des idées avec l'équipe managériale du groupe, en charge du déploiement des systèmes de production. L'étude a fourni des preuves concrètes permettant de soutenir la mise en œuvre de changements dans les déploiements des systèmes de production, de façon à mieux appréhender la réaction des employés liée à leur propre culture nationale.

Lire le résumé de la thèse de Laurent Rannaz (texte en anglais)

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    The digital revolution is impacting all areas of business. While HR are particularly affected by this change, it’s an opportunity for them to focus their efforts on the “employee experience”.

  • Maya Mallat Yassine
    Published on 19 March 2018

    My DBA Survival Kit

    A fellow working mother recently wrote in a blog, “Mention 'work-family balance’ to a roomful of working women who have children, and the response you'll probably get is semi-hysterical laughter...followed by tired sighs.” Imagine being a mom of...

  • Published on 27 February 2018

    New MSc International HR Management in the digital age

    When Digital Systems are dramatically changing the way we work on a daily basis, Human Resources professionals have to adapt too. To that end, GEM continues to innovate and is now one of the first – if not the first – business school to introduce a...

  • Making Sense of Heritage Luxury Brands: Consumer Perceptions across Different Age Groups
    Published on 22 February 2018

    Making Sense of Heritage Luxury Brands: Consumer Perceptions across Different Age Groups

    Lama Halwani started the DBA journey in 2015 at GEM. Her article about heritage luxury brands has recently been accepted in its current form for publication in Qualitative Market Research.

  • Published on 29 January 2018

    DBA Alumni Publication: African Female Entrepreneurship

    Amanobea Boateng is an alumna of Grenoble Ecole de Management. She completed her Doctorate in 2016. Her recent book published in October 2017 is about African Female Entrepreneurship. Based on key issues such as social feminism and the capability...

  • Doctoral Knowledge Community
    Published on 25 January 2018

    DBA: Celebrating the 25th anniversary

    The Doctorate of Business Administration program was founded by Jean-Jacques Chanaron and Thierry Grange in 1993 with the original idea of creating a doctoral program for managers. Over its 25 years, the program has grown, and we have developed...

  • Les conditions licites de la cybersurveillance du salarié
    Published on 25 January 2018

    Workplace Cyber Surveillance: Rights and Obligations

    Can a business spy on its employees? Yes, within certain limits. Discover how European courts regulate workplace cyber surveillance.

  • Les conditions licites de la cybersurveillance du salarié
    Published on 25 January 2018

    Cybersurveillance : Quels droits et obligations pour l’employeur (et réciproquement) ?

    La Cour européenne des droits de l’homme impose des limites au contrôle des communications électroniques par l’employeur, qui reste régi par chaque Etat membre.

  • Research: the impact of performance evaluations on an individual's network.
    Published on 19 December 2017

    How to Improve Employee Annual Evaluations?

    Stressful, childish, demotivating… The words used to describe annual evaluations are rarely positive. How can we change such a perspective?

  • Analogical Reasoning, Generating Innovative Ideas With Customers
    Published on 08 December 2017

    Research: Analogical Reasoning, Generating Innovative Ideas With the Help of Customers

    All innovation processes begin with the generation of new ideas, the majority of which end up not being useful. To improve this process, businesses are involving customers. However, the quality of ideas generated by customers is often quite...

  • Analogical Reasoning, Generating Innovative Ideas With Customers
    Published on 08 December 2017

    Recherche : Créativité des consommateurs, comment bien utiliser la pensée analogique ?

    Si vous demandez à des consommateurs d’être créatif en faisant des analogies, ils émettront beaucoup d’idées de produits ou de services. Mais si vous voulez de bonnes idées, il faut également tenir compte de leur niveau d’expertise afin de bien...

  • Diogo Hildebrand, researcher and Corporate Social Responsibility expert at Grenoble Ecole de Management
    Published on 17 November 2017

    Research: How Do Consumers Evaluate Corporate Social Responsibility?

    From fighting poverty and illness to providing disaster relief, corporations around the world dedicate considerable resources to corporate social responsibility (CSR). Contributions come in a variety of forms such as monetary donations, the donation...

  • Diogo Hildebrand, researcher and Corporate Social Responsibility expert at Grenoble Ecole de Management
    Published on 17 November 2017

    Recherche : De quelle manière les consommateurs évaluent-ils la Responsabilité Sociale des Entreprises (RSE) ?

    De la lutte contre la pauvreté et la maladie à l'aide aux sinistrés, les entreprises du monde entier consacrent des ressources considérables à leur politique RSE. Cela peut prendre différentes formes : dons en argent, dons de matériel ou bénévolat...

  • Certifications ISO : ce qu’il faut savoir avant de se lancer
    Published on 12 October 2017

    When to Invest in ISO Standards?

    The number of certifications for businesses continues to grow year after year. While ISO standards have become commonplace for many companies in Europe, few companies question whether such an investment provides a good return on investment.

  • Benjamin Powers unveils his thesis and findings on dyslexia and entrepreneurial intention among adolescents
    Published on 22 September 2017

    Thesis: dyslexia and entrepreneurial intention among adolescents

    Benjamin Powers, 2017 DBA graduate researched the Relationship among Personal-Level Variables, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Case of Male and Female Adolescents with Dyslexia, for his Doctoral thesis.

  • Bénédicte Tilloy, artiste et ex-DRH à la SNCF, a posté ses aquarelles sur Twitter, entrainant l’initiative Art Wagon, portée par un conducteur de trains
    Published on 13 September 2017

    Art: Bringing Emotion Back into Company Life

    Art is a gateway to emotions and offers an interesting approach to foster more humane relationships at work.

  • Research: How we take breaks can impact performance at work.
    Published on 12 September 2017

    Let Your Mind Wander at Work!

    It’s time to space out at work… Recent research suggests that mind-wandering has a positive impact on concentration!

  • Dominique Steiler propose de mettre l’entreprise au service de la cité
    Published on 14 September 2017

    If You Want Peace, Prepare for It

    Ready to evolve towards economic peace and well-being at work? Discover the experiences shared by partner companies and the latest research by the Mindfulness Chair.

  • STAGES : Un directeur de la Fnac raconte son expérience
    Published on 10 July 2017

    FNAC: an Internship to Discover First Hand the Challenges of Customer Relations

    A student internship during the month of December provides student and mentor with the chance to learn hands on.

  • Lamya Kermiche, professeur associé à Grenoble Ecole de Management au département Finance, Innovation et Gouvernance.
    Published on 03 July 2017

    Audit Market Dynamics: the French Perspective on Mandatory Joint Audits

    The audit industry has garnered increasing attention from policy makers, in particular since the demise of Arthur Andersen in 2002. The industry is marked by the fact it has only four major players known as the Big 4. The concentration of audit...

  • Lamya Kermiche, professeur associé à Grenoble Ecole de Management au département Finance, Innovation et Gouvernance.
    Published on 03 July 2017

    Recherche : Audits conjoints, une perspective encourageante pour dynamiser le marché de l’audit

    Depuis la disparition du cabinet Arthur Andersen en 2002, le secteur de l’audit est très surveillé par les responsables politiques. Les activités d’audit sont en effet concentrées au sein de quatre grands acteurs, réunis sous l’appellation de Big...

  • Published on 18 June 2017

    Company Nurseries: Improving Performance and Quality of Life at Work

    Private nurseries provide many benefits for companies and employees. A win-win situation that is becoming all the more popular.

  • Professeur Sénior  Professeur au département Homme, Organisations et Société  Doctorate of Philosophy, Institut Universitaire Européen, Grenoble EM
    Published on 12 June 2017

    Research: Indulgences or Abuse of Indulgences, a New Perspective on Corporate Sins

    From environmental damage to product malfunctions or bribery, businesses around the world are often responsible for wrongdoing. However, assessing the moral stature of a business is considered to be a notoriously difficult task. Not only are...

  • Professeur Sénior  Professeur au département Homme, Organisations et Société  Doctorate of Philosophy, Institut Universitaire Européen, Grenoble EM
    Published on 12 June 2017

    Recherche : Indulgences ou abus d’indulgences, une autre façon de juger le comportement des entreprises

    Une autre façon de juger le comportement des entreprises Dégâts environnementaux, défauts de fabrication, corruption…, les entreprises du monde entier sont souvent à l'origine d'actes répréhensibles. Cependant, il est très difficile d'évaluer le...

  • Renaud Cornu-Emieux, responsable de la Chaire Talents de la transformation digitale, et enseignant-chercheur à GEM
    Published on 10 May 2017

    Digital Advantages for Human Resources

    How do HR departments participate in the digital transformation? What advantages do digital tools offer for HR?

  • Renaud Cornu-Emieux, responsable de la Chaire Talents de la transformation digitale, et enseignant-chercheur à GEM
    Published on 10 May 2017

    Le digital : un frein ou un atout pour les RH ?

    DRH, DSI et direction marketing doivent interagir pour construire un projet de transformation numérique, à partir d’un modèle de management agile, en réseau

  • Franck Rouault
    Published on 09 May 2017

    DBA: A guide to achieve your Doctorate

    Franck Rouault is a 2015 Grenoble Ecole de Management DBA graduate. He has co-written a book entitled "Doctrine- The Guide to achieve your Doctorate" with 4 other authors who are also DBA graduates. In this book, they share their experiences and...

  • Pourquoi des entreprises investissent dans la création d’un Mooc ?
    Published on 07 April 2017

    Why Are Companies Investing in MOOCs?

    The New Energy Technologies MOOC provides an innovative portal to promote a culture of renewable energy. In addition, MOOCs enable companies to share expertise and foster collaboration.

  • Research: Safety at Work in the Construction Industry
    Published on 20 April 2017

    Safety at Work in the Construction Industry

    A recent study of safety at work in the construction industry provides insights to understand the evolution (and uberization) of work and potential safety risks.

  • Published on 04 April 2017

    EGOS Colloquium: The Good Organization with Nyla Aleem Ansari

    The 33rd EGOS Colloquium in Copenhagen offers a bridge to discussions concerning the aspirations, interventions and struggles for The Good Organization. We consider The Good Organization both a tempting prospect and a project inherently ridden with...

  • Published on 17 March 2017

    Auchan Banks on Work-Study Programs to Fill Key Positions

    Work-study programs provide companies with access to a talented pool of potential recruits.

  • Gazi Islam, professor of business administration at Grenoble Ecole de Management.
    Published on 20 March 2017

    Is It Time to Work on the Weekend?

    How are markets and capital using new economic models to eat away at our free time on weekends? Gazi Islam, a researcher and professor at Grenoble Ecole de Management, studies individual and organizational work experiences. He recently looked at how...

  • Comment Starzik s’est imposé face aux GAFA
    Published on 18 March 2017

    Pédagogie : Starzik témoigne de sa stratégie face aux géants du web

    Jérôme Giachino, fondateur de Starzik, a témoigné à Grenoble Ecole de Management d’une problématique d’innovation de rupture : la digitalisation et le téléchargement légal de la musique.

  • Gazi Islam, professor of business administration at Grenoble Ecole de Management.
    Published on 20 March 2017

    Quand le temps libre se réduit au profit du travail et du capital

    Gazi Islam démontre que la colonisation de l’espace de loisirs par le travail crée les conditions sociales et psychologiques permettant au travail de se faire.

  • Published on 08 December 2016

    Does a Country’s Culture Influence the Use of Lean Production Systems?

    With globalization, companies have been forced to expand across borders. As a result, they have to check the validity of their management theories and tools when applied to various cultural contexts. Laurent Rannaz, president of Caterpillar France,...

  • Published on 06 December 2016

    Uberization Can Also Mean Destruction

    An entire portion of the sharing economy is enabled by “uberized” work forces. Unfortunately, the reality behind uberized work is in fact Taylorism 2.0! We speak with Thibault Daudigeos and Vincent Pasquier who highlight the limits of the sharing...

  • Published on 06 December 2016

    L’uberisation est également une force destructrice

    Un pan de l’économie dite “collaborative” est porteur d’une uberisation du travail. Or, la réalité de la plupart des emplois uberisés, c’est surtout celle d’un taylorisme 2.0 ! Thibault Daudigeos, professeur associé au Département Hommes,...

  • Daniel Ray, enseignant-chercheur à GEM, démontre comment la satisfaction client influe sur la rentabilité de l’entreprise, en calculant son « loyalty model ».
    Published on 08 November 2016

    Capitalizing on Your Customer Relationships

    How to implement a sustainable and profitable customer culture? Discover the answer with Daniel Ray’s Loyalty Model.

  • Published on 17 November 2016

    Michelin Innovates Using Serious Games

    Michelin innove dans son approche de services de la mobilité grâce à l’open innovation, au serious Game "Tech It ! " et avec les étudiants de GEM.

  • Published on 17 November 2016

    Mobilité : comment Michelin innove

    Michelin innove dans son approche de services de la mobilité grâce à l’open innovation, au serious Game "Tech It ! " et avec les étudiants de GEM.

  • Daniel Ray, enseignant-chercheur à GEM, démontre comment la satisfaction client influe sur la rentabilité de l’entreprise, en calculant son « loyalty model ».
    Published on 08 November 2016

    Comment valoriser son « capital client » ?

    comment la satisfaction client influe sur la rentabilité de l’entreprise, en calculant son « loyalty model ». Par Daniel Ray, enseignant-chercheur à GEM.

  • Collaboration
    Published on 10 October 2016

    The DBA: The missing link?

    Grenoble Ecole de Management Director of Executive Education, Gaël FOUILLARD discusses the benefits of collaboration between researchers and corporate partners and points out the advantages of efficiently connecting both parties in order to bring...

  • Federico Pigni, Professor at Grenoble Ecole de Management
    Published on 01 July 2016

    Research: Creating Value from Digital Data Streams

    The big data era is upon us. Startups, major companies, organizations and governments are all rushing to extract essential insights from big data. Yet in doing so, many have overlooked the potential value of the digital data streams (DDS) that make...

  • Federico Pigni, Professor at Grenoble Ecole de Management
    Published on 01 July 2016

    Recherche : Le big data temps réel, une nouvelle source de création de valeur

    Enregistrés et analysés en quasi temps réel grâce aux progrès de la technologie, les flux de données du big data donnent naissance à de nouveaux services créateurs de valeur. Une étude portant sur 171 initiatives du monde entier décrypte la logique...

  • Business Transfer Ecosystem in France: Situation Analysis in 2015
    Published on 22 June 2016

    Business Transfer Ecosystem in France: Situation Analysis in 2015

    Every year, approximately 150,000 business transfers fail in Europe threatening some 600,000 jobs. BTAR's European project, launched in early 2015, aims to target the vulnerabilities in business transfer systems and draw on best practices in order...

  • Research: the impact of performance evaluations on an individual's network.
    Published on 22 April 2016

    Research: Positive Performance Evaluations Help Employees Develop Internal Networks

    Interactions are an essential part of any organization. Whether it is receiving help from colleagues or gaining access to crucial information, developing a strong internal network makes it easier for an employee to get things done. This latest study...

  • Research: the impact of performance evaluations on an individual's network.
    Published on 22 April 2016

    Recherche : Les salariés reconnus font prospérer leur réseau interne

    Un salarié dont le niveau de performance est reconnu par ses managers étend son réseau de contacts au sein de son entreprise et l'exploite davantage. Dans le cas contraire, il réduit le nombre de ses contacts. C'est la conclusion d'une étude sur 150...

  •  Thibault Daudigeos is a researcher in Sustainability, Corporate Social Reponsibility, Alternative forms of Organization, Sharing economy, and new models of management at Grenoble Ecole de Management.
    Published on 26 January 2016

    Recherche : Responsabilité sociale des entreprises globalisées, plus facile à dire qu’à faire

    Les démarches de Responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) sont censées créer de la valeur. Pourtant, elles peinent à se mettre en place dans les secteurs où les chaînes de valeur sont éclatées : elles coûtent cher et ne profitent pas forcément à...

  • Published on 18 January 2016

    Refugees entering Europe: a positive impact on the economy ?

    The majority of European CFOs believe that refugees entering Europe will have a positive impact on the economy. Nearly 60 percent% of European CFOs believe that accepting migrants will help solve the looming demographic problems their nations face...

  • Published on 07 January 2016

    Baromètre du climat des affaires : l’optimisme se stabilise

    Nous rapportons dans ce document la perception du climat des affaires par les responsables financiers français et la comparons aux résultats obtenus en Europe et dans le reste du monde. Nous évaluons également les sources de risque pour l'entreprise...

  • Published on 04 January 2016

    Recherche : Produit d’origine locale, une mention qui parle au consommateur

    La mention « origine locale » apposée sur un produit alimentaire déclenche chez le consommateur des perceptions plus positives et une intention d'achat plus forte qu'un produit d'une autre région française. Trois études portant sur 632 consommateurs...

  • -	Projet CHESS – Connected Health Early Stage Researcher Support System
    Published on 08 September 2015

    Connected Health: the New Health Management Models

    Save lives and improve quality of living during and after treatment in the most cost-effective way: the promises of connected health are opening encouraging horizons for the future of healthcare systems. Connected health will contribute to creating...

  • -	Projet CHESS – Connected Health Early Stage Researcher Support System
    Published on 08 September 2015

    Santé connectée : les nouveaux modèles de management de la santé

    Sauver des vies, améliorer la qualité de vie pendant et après le traitement, le tout au meilleur prix : les promesses de la santé connectée ouvrent des horizons encourageants pour l’avenir des systèmes de santé. Elle contribuera à créer un...

  • Published on 07 September 2015

    Energy market barometer report: the development of energy prices

    The next Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21) will take place in Paris from 30 November to 11 December. The Paris Climate Summit, announced as one of the biggest climate negotiations in history,...

  • Published on 16 July 2015

    Research: Unraveling the Link Between Managerial Risk-Taking and Innovation - the Mediating Role of a Risk-Taking Climate

    Innovation has become a crucial factor for companies looking to maintain their competitive advantage. Yet creating innovative ideas requires a certain level of risk-taking. While research on this subject has focused primarily on risk-taking at one...

  • Published on 03 July 2015

    Making a success of your business transfer: new tools developed for a European project

    Every year, approximately 150,000 business transfers fail in Europe threatening some 600,000 jobs. BTAR's European project, launched in early 2015, aims to target the vulnerabilities in business transfer systems and draw on best practices in order...

  • Mark Olsthoorn, professor and researcher at Grenoble Ecole de Mangement
    Published on 07 April 2015

    Recherche : Effacement de consommation électrique, pourquoi les industriels hésitent

    En acceptant de réduire leur consommation électrique lors de pics de demande, les industriels faciliteraient l'équilibrage des réseaux de distribution. Or, ils ont de solides arguments pour ne pas jouer la carte de la flexibilité. Une étude les...

  • Published on 07 November 2014

    Research : Digitization, Changing How We Work and Coordinate Projects

    All of us use digital tools and objects that can now be shared and combined in a variety of ways. This change has profoundly influenced the organization of work with projects being divided according to specialization and geographical location.

  • Published on 07 November 2014

    Recherche : Effets spéciaux pour le cinéma, l’art de faire collaborer 60 métiers

    Comment les spécialistes des effets spéciaux collaborent-ils sur un même film alors qu’ils appartiennent à 60 métiers différents et sont répartis dans le monde entier ? Deux chercheurs de GEM ont étudié les mécanismes de coordination qui structurent...